Perry Marvin / Перри Марвин - Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society; 9th Edition [2008, PDF, ENG]

Front Cover 1
Title Page 4
Copyright 5
Contents 10
Maps 22
Chronologies 24
Preface 26
Acknowledgments 32
Map Essay 34
Part One: The Ancient World: Foundation of the West to A.D. 500 39
Chapter 1 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations 41
Prehistory 42
The Rise to Civilization 45
Mesopotamian Civilization 46
Egyptian Civilization 51
Profile: Hatchepsut 57
Empire Builders 58
The Religious Orientation of the Near East 63
Primary Source: Mythical Thinking 66
Chapter 2 The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual 68
Outline of Hebrew History 69
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good 74
The Individual and Moral Autonomy 76
The Covenant and the Law 77
The Hebrew Idea of History 78
The Prophets 79
Profile: Jeremiah 81
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews 83
Primary Source: Isaiah and Social Justice 84
Chapter 3 The Greek City-State: Democratic Politics 86
Early Aegean Civilizations 88
The Rise of Hellenic Civilization 89
The Evolution of the City-State 93
Athenian Greatness 97
The Decline of the City-States 102
Profile: Demosthenes 105
The Dilemma of Greek Politics 105
Primary Source: Pericles on Athenian Greatness 108
Chapter 4 Greek Thought: From Myth to Reason 110
Philosophy 111
Art 125
Poetry and Drama 125
Profile: Hesiod 127
History 131
The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism 134
Primary Source: Euripides, Medea 135
Chapter 5 The Hellenistic Age: Cultural Diffusion 138
Alexander the Great 141
Hellenistic Society 141
Hellenistic Culture 144
Profile: Polybius 147
Primary Source: Epicureanism: Living Well 151
The Hellenistic Legacy 153
Chapter 6 The Roman Republic: City-State to World Empire 154
Evolution of the Roman Constitution 155
Roman Expansion to 146 b.c. 159
Culture in the Republic 165
Collapse of the Republic 167
Profile: Cleopatra 169
Primary Source: Polybius: The Roman Army 175
Chapter 7 The Roman Empire: A World-State 177
Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire 178
The Pax Romana 182
Profile: Epictetus 183
Signs of Trouble 193
The Decline of Rome 197
The Roman Legacy 204
Primary Source: Aelius Aristides, The Blessings of the Pax Romana 205
Chapter 8 Early Christianity: A World Religion 207
The Origins of Christianity 208
The Spread and Triumph of Christianity 215
Profile: Blandina 217
The Growth of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes 220
Saint Augustine: The Christian Worldview 224
Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative Worldviews 227
Primary Source: Saint Benedict of Nursia, The Christian Way of Life 230
Part Two: The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries, 500–1400 233
Chapter 9 The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium, Islam, and Latin Christendom 235
Byzantine Civilization: The Medieval Christian East 236
Islamic Civilization: Its Development and Dissemination 241
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages 246
Latin Christendom: The Rise of Europe 254
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization 257
The Kingdom of the Franks 259
Profile: Saint Boniface 261
Medieval Society 264
Primary Source: Bishop Adalbero of Laon, The Tripartite Society 269
Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages: Vitality and Renewal 271
Economic Expansion 272
The Rise of States 278
The Growth of Papal Power 283
Profile: Saladin 291
Christians and Jews 294
Primary Source: Pope Innocent III, “Royal Power Derives Its Dignity from the Pontifical Authority” 297
Chapter 11 The Flowering of Medieval Culture: The Christian Synthesis 298
The Revival of Learning 299
The Medieval Worldview 301
Philosophy-Theology 303
Profile: Abelard and Héloise 305
Science 309
The Recovery of Roman Law 311
Literature 311
Architecture 314
Primary Source: Peter Abelard, The Synthesis of Reason and Faith 316
Chapter 12 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Dissolution 318
An Age of Adversity 319
The Decline of the Papacy 322
The Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis 325
The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity 326
Profile: Joan of Arc 329
Primary Source: Jean de Venette, The Black Death 331
Part Three: Early Modern Europe: From Renaissance to Enlightenment, 1350–1789 335
Chapter 13 The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern Age 292 337
Italy: The Birthplace of the Renaissance 339
The Renaissance Outlook: Humanism and Secular Politics 344
Profile: A Renaissance Man 349
Art Essay: The Renaissance 350
The Spread of the Renaissance 359
The Renaissance and the Modern Age 364
Primary Source: Leonardo Bruni, Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational Program 365
Chapter 14 The Reformation: The Shattering of Christian Unity 368
The Medieval Church in Crisis 370
The Lutheran Revolt 373
Profile: Katharina von Bora 377
The Spread of the Reformation 379
The Catholic Response 387
The Reformation and the Modern Age 389
Primary Source: Martin Luther, Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (1517) 390
Chapter 15 European Expansion: Economic and Social Transformations 393
European Expansion 395
Profile: Bartolomé de las Casas 401
The Price Revolution 403
The Expansion of Agriculture 405
The Expansion of Trade and Industry 408
The Growth of Capitalism 412
The Elite and the People 414
Economic and Social Transformations 419
Primary Source: Seventeenth-Century Slave Traders: Buying and Transporting Africans 420
Chapter 16 The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition to the Modern State 423
Monarchs and Elites as State Builders 426
The Rise and Fall of Hapsburg Spain 427
The Growth of French Power 432
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England 438
Profile: Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1558–1603) 388 441
The Netherlands: A Bourgeois Republic 444
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany 446
The Emergence of Austria and Prussia 447
Russia: Great Nobles and Starving Peasants 449
The State and Modern Political Development 450
Primary Source: Louis XIV, Instructions for the Dauphin 452
Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution: The Universe Seen as a Mechanism 453
Medieval Cosmology 455
A New View of Nature 456
The Newtonian Synthesis: Experiment, Mathematics, and Theory 461
Biology, Medicine, and Chemistry 462
Bacon and Descartes: Prophets of the New Science 464
The Social Implications of the Scientific Revolution 467
The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution 468
Profile: Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 469
Art Essay: Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 470
Primary Source: René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637) 478
Chapter 18 The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform 480
The Formation of a Public and Secular Culture 483
Alternatives to Orthodoxy 486
Political Thought 489
Social Thought 492
Profile: Mary Wollstonecraft 493
Economic Thought 497
The High Enlightenment 499
European Political and Diplomatic Developments 502
The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe 504
The American Revolution 506
The Enlightenment and the Modern World 509
Primary Source: The Treatise of the Three Impostors 510
Part Four: An Age of Revolution: Liberal, National, Industrial, 1789–1848 512
Chapter 19 The French Revolution: The Affirmation of Liberty and Equality 514
The Old Regime 515
The Moderate Stage, 1789–1791 523
The Radical Stage, 1792–1794 527
Profile: Gracchus Babeuf 534
The Meaning of the French Revolution 535
Primary Source: Maximilien Robespierre, Republic of Virtue 538
Chapter 20 Napoleon: Subverter and Preserver of the Revolution 541
Rise to Power 542
Profile: François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture 546
Napoleon and Europe 549
The Fall of Napoleon 552
The Legend and the Achievement 555
Primary Source: Napoleon, the Reformer 557
Chapter 21 The Industrial Revolution: The Great Transformation 559
The Origins of the Industrial Age 561
Profile: The Darby Family 566
Society Transformed 568
Relief and Reform 574
Industrialism in Perspective 576
Primary Source: Edward Baines, The Factory System 577
Chapter 22 Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century 579
Romanticism: A New Cultural Orientation 580
German Idealism 586
Profile: Percy Bysshe Shelley 588
Conservatism: The Value of Tradition 591
Liberalism: The Value of the Individual 594
Radicalism and Democracy: The Expansion of Liberalism 598
Early Socialism: New Possibilities for Society 600
Nationalism: The Sacredness of the Nation 601
Primary Source: Joseph de Maistre, Arch-Conservative 604
Chapter 23 Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1815–1848 547 607
The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815 608
Revolutions, 1820–1829 612
Revolutions, 1830–1832 614
The Rise of Reform in Britain 615
The Revolutions of 1848: France 617
The Revolutions of 1848: Germany, Austria, and Italy 620
Profile: Francis Palacky 622
The Revolutions of 1848: An Assessment 625
Primary Source: Alexis de Tocqueville, The June Days 628
Part Five: An Age of Contradiction: Progress and Breakdown, 1848–1914 630
Chapter 24 Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism 632
Realism and Naturalism 633
Profile: Charles Dickens 634
Positivism 638
Darwinism 638
Religion in a Secular Age 642
Marxism 644
Anarchism 648
Liberalism in Transition 649
Feminism: Extending the Principle of Equality 651
Primary Source: Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man 654
Chapter 25 The Surge of Nationalism: From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism 657
The Unification of Italy 658
The Unification of Germany 662
The Hapsburg Empire 668
The Rise of Racial Nationalism 669
Profile: Richard Wagner 676
Primary Source: The Pan-German League, Extreme Racial Nationalism 679
Chapter 26 The Industrial West: Responses to Modernization 681
The Advance of Industry 683
Great Britain: An Industrial Model 691
France: Democratic or Authoritarian? 695
Profile: Jean Jaurès 698
Germany: An Authoritarian State? 698
Italy: Unfulfilled Expectations 700
Art Essay: Art of the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 701
Russia: Tsarist Empire 709
The United States: Democratic Giant 711
A Golden Age? 713
Primary Source: Hubertine Auclert, La Citoyenne 714
Chapter 27 Imperialism: Western Global Dominance 717
The Emergence of the New Imperialism 718
European Domination of Asia 725
Profile: Gandhi 730
The Scramble for Africa 735
Latin America 739
Primary Source: Joseph Chamberlain, The Benefits of Empire 742
The Legacy of Imperialism 742
Chapter 28 Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, Human Nature, and the Arts 745
Irrationalism 746
Freud: A New View of Human Nature 752
Social Thought: Confronting the Irrational and the Complexities of Modern Society 756
The Modernist Movement 759
Profile: Joseph Conrad 760
Modern Physics 765
The Enlightenment Tradition in Disarray 767
Primary Source: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power 771
Part Six: World Wars and Totalitarianism: The West in Crisis, 1914–1945 774
Chapter 29 World War I: The West in Despair 776
Aggravated Nationalist Tensions in Austria-Hungary 779
The German System of Alliances 780
The Triple Entente 781
Drifting Toward War 783
War as Celebration 787
Stalemate in the West 789
Other Fronts 793
Profile: Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen (“the Red Baron”) 794
The Collapse of the Central Powers 794
The Peace Conference 797
The Russian Revolution of 1917 802
The War and European Consciousness 807
Primary Source: Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War 811
Chapter 30 An Era of Totalitarianism 814
The Nature of Totalitarianism 815
Communist Russia 818
The Nature of Fascism 827
The Rise of Fascism in Italy 829
The Fascist State in Italy 831
The New German Republic 833
The Rise of Hitler 836
Nazi Germany 842
Profile: Charles Maurras 848
Liberalism and Authoritarianism in Other Lands 851
Primary Source: Ernst Huber, “The Authority of the Führer Is . . . All-Inclusive and Unlimited” 855
Chapter 31 Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism 858
Intellectuals and Artists in Troubled Times 859
Profile: Leni Riefenstahl 868
Existentialism 872
The Modern Predicament 877
Primary Source: Johan Huizinga, In the Shadow of Tomorrow 878
Chapter 32 World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance 882
The Aftermath of World War I 883
The Road to War 885
The Nazi Blitzkrieg 892
The New Order 898
Profile: Hans and Sophie Scholl 902
Turning the Tide 905
The Legacy of World War II 911
Primary Source: Historical Division, War Department, Omaha Beachhead 913
Part Seven: The Contemporary World: The Global Age, Since 1945 916
Chapter 33 Europe After World War II: Recovery and Realignment, 1945–1989 918
The Cold War 920
Building a New Europe 925
Profile: Simone de Beauvoir 928
The Soviet Bloc 928
Decolonization 933
Primary Source: Milovan Djilas, The New Class 936
Chapter 34 The Troubled Present 938
The Demise of Communism 939
Profile: Pope John Paul II 942
The Post–Cold War World 947
Art Essay: Contemporary Art after 949
Our Global Age: Tensions and Concerns 962
Primary Source: Jihad Against Crusaders and Jews 969
Epilogue: Reaffirming the Core Values of the Western Tradition 972
Index 976