Autodesk AutoCAD 2013 Practical 3D Drafting and Design
Take your AuotoCAD design skills to the next dimension by creating powerful 3D models
Год: 2013
Автор: João Santos
Жанр: CG Engineering
Издательство: Packt Publishing
ISBN: 978-1-84969-935-8
Язык: Английский
Формат: PDF
Качество: Изначально компьютерное (eBook)
Интерактивное оглавление: Да
Количество страниц: 374
Описание: Autodesk AutoCAD is, by far, the most used CAD software all around the world. In 2D it includes a large number of commands and functions, which makes it virtually unbeatable for many years. With continuous hardware development, together with new software capabilities, 3D became a viable and accessible technology to all. It is much better to simulate the real world with 3D models than to apply 2D drawings. 3D modeling has countless advantages: real-world simulation, greater accuracy, cheaper models, easy creation of related 2D drawings, calculation of volume and other properties, detection of interferences, model transfer to 3D printers or CAM/CNC devices, realistic visualization with light and materials application, sun studies, material selection, and easier comparison between solutions. With Version 2007, AutoCAD became a reliable software for 3D modeling in all technical areas, such as architecture, engineering, construction, roads, urban studies, landscaping, and scenarios. Rendering and realistic results were quite improved in Version 2011, with the introduction of Autodesk Materials and the inclusion of more than 700 excellent-looking and ready-to-apply materials, as demonstrated on the cover of this book. Autodesk AutoCAD 2013 3D Drafting and Design allows you to break the 2D frontier and create accurate 3D models that simulate reality. With the addition of lights and materials, simulation is taken to the level of photorealism. Including several explained exercises, this book is an easy learning tool and also a reference manual for daily consultation.
Оглавление
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to 3D Design 7
The Z coordinate 8
Absolute coordinates 8
Relative coordinates 9
Point filters 10
Workspaces 11
Classic environment 11
Ribbon environment 12
Layers, transparency, and other properties 13
Layers 13
Transparency 14
Visibility 14
Auxiliary tools 15
OSNAP, ORTHO, POLAR, and OTRACK auxiliary tools 15
3DOsnap tool 17
Exercise 1.1 17
Application of 2D commands 18
Drawing commands 19
Editing commands 19
Other entities and commands 20
Exercise 1.2 21
Linear 3D entities 22
Thickness 22
3D polylines 23
Splines and helixes 24
How to create great 3D models 27
Summary 28
Table of Contents
[ ii ]
Chapter 2: Visualizing 3D Models 29
Zooming, panning, and orbiting 29
Zooming and panning 30
Orbiting the model 30
Automatic orbit 31
The 3DORBIT command 31
Other orbiting commands 32
Exercise 2.1 33
Views and cameras 34
Predefined views 34
View cube 34
Ribbon and toolbar access 35
The Viewport controls 36
The PLAN command 36
The VPOINT and DDVPOINT commands 36
Creating views 37
The Perspective view 38
Cameras 39
The camera's creation 39
The camera's visualization and properties 39
The camera's activation 41
Exercise 2.2 41
Visual styles 44
Applying visual styles 44
Creating and modifying visual styles 46
Exercise 2.3 47
Walking and flying in a 3D model 49
Walking and flying 49
Settings 50
Exercise 2.4 50
Viewports 51
Viewport controls 52
Working with multiple viewports 52
Exercise 2.5 54
Summary 55
Chapter 3: Coordinate Systems 57
User coordinate systems 57
The world coordinate system 57
Creating user coordinate systems 58
The UCS command 58
Creating a UCS by moving and orienting the icon 61
Important variables to know 61
Table of Contents
[ iii ]
Exercise 3.1 62
Managing user coordinate systems 65
The UCSMAN command 65
Dynamic coordinate systems 66
Creation of dynamic coordinate systems 66
Exercise 3.2 66
UCS icons 68
Identifying UCS icons 68
Modifying the UCS icon 68
Summary 70
Chapter 4: Creating Solids and Surfaces from 2D 71
Creating solids or surfaces 71
Creating solids and surfaces by extrusion 72
Extruding 2D objects 72
The EXTRUDE command 73
EXTRUDE applied to faces and edges 74
Exercise 4.1 75
Creating solids from closed areas or faces 78
The PRESSPULL command 78
PRESSPULL applied to faces 79
Exercise 4.2 79
Creating solids and surfaces by revolution 80
The REVOLVE command 80
Exercise 4.3 82
Creating solids and surfaces with different sections 83
The LOFT command 83
Exercise 4.4 86
Creating solids and surfaces along a path 88
The SWEEP command 88
Exercise 4.5 90
Exercise 4.6 91
Important variables for solids and surfaces 92
Summary 94
Chapter 5: 3D Primitives and Conversions 95
3D solid primitives 95
Creating boxes and wedges 96
The BOX command 97
The WEDGE command 98
Exercise 5.1 99
Creating cylinders and cones 101
The CYLINDER command 101
The CONE command 102
Table of Contents
[ iv ]
Exercise 5.2 104
Creating spheres 105
The SPHERE command 105
Creating 3D donuts 106
The TORUS command 107
Exercise 5.3 108
Creating pyramids 109
The PYRAMID command 109
Creating walls 111
The POLYSOLID command 111
Exercise 5.4 113
Primitive surfaces 114
Creating planar surfaces 115
The PLANESURF command 115
Conversions between 3D objects 116
Converting objects to solids 116
The CONVTOSOLID command 116
Converting objects to surfaces 117
The CONVTOSURFACE command 117
Summary 118
Chapter 6: Editing in 3D 119
3D editing commands 119
Rotating in 3D 120
The ROTATE3D command 120
The 3DROTATE command 122
Exercise 6.1 123
Mirroring in 3D 124
The MIRROR3D command 125
Multiple copies 126
The 3DARRAY command 126
Exercise 6.2 128
Aligning objects 130
The ALIGN command 130
The 3DALIGN command 132
Exercise 6.3 133
Moving objects 135
The 3DMOVE command 135
Scaling objects 136
The 3DSCALE command 136
Editing with grips 137
Editing subobjects 138
Summary 139
Table of Contents
[ v ]
Chapter 7: Editing Solids and Surfaces 141
Composite objects 141
Unions, subtractions, and intersections 141
The UNION command 142
The SUBTRACT command 143
The INTERSECT command 144
Editing composite objects 144
The BREP command 145
Exercise 7.1 146
Exercise 7.2 147
Cutting objects 148
Cutting solids and surfaces 148
The SLICE command 148
Exercise 7.3 150
Filleting and chamfering 150
Applying fillets 150
The FILLET command 150
The FILLETEDGE command 152
Applying chamfers 153
The CHAMFER command 154
The CHAMFEREDGE command 155
Exercise 7.4 156
Editing solids and surfaces 157
Changing parameters 158
The PROPERTIES command 158
The QUICKPROPERTIES command 158
Operations with faces, edges, and volumes of solids 159
The SOLIDEDIT command 159
Exercise 7.5 165
Creating linear objects from 3D 167
The OFFSETEDGE command 168
The SURFEXTRACTCURVE command 169
Projecting linear objects 170
The PROJECTGEOMETRY command 170
The IMPRINT command 171
Exercise 7.6 171
Editing surfaces 172
The THICKEN command 172
Summary 173
Chapter 8: Inquiring the 3D model 175
Measuring points, distances, and angles 175
Obtaining point coordinates 176
The ID command 176
Table of Contents
[ vi ]
Measuring distances and angles 176
The DIST command 176
The MEASUREGEOM command 178
Exercise 8.1 178
Interferences 180
Detecting interferences and creating solids with a common volume 180
The INTERFERE command 180
Exercise 8.2 182
Volumes and other properties 183
Obtaining volumes and other geometric properties 183
The MASSPROP command 183
Exercise 8.3 185
Summary 186
Chapter 9: Documenting a 3D Model 187
Creating 2D drawings from 3D models 187
Layouts 188
Creating and configuring layouts 189
Shortcut menu 189
The LAYOUT command 190
The PAGESETUP command 191
Creating viewports and adjusting scales 193
The MVIEW command 193
Adjusting views 194
Viewport scales 195
The SCALELISTEDIT command 196
Plot styles 197
Layer properties per viewport 198
Freezing layers per viewport 198
The LAYER command 198
Previewing and printing 199
The PREVIEW command 199
The PLOT command 199
Exercise 9.1 199
Views and sections 202
Sections 202
The SECTIONPLANE command 202
The SECTION command 205
Exercise 9.2 206
Projections and flattened views 207
The FLATSHOT command 208
Exercise 9.3 209
Associative views 210
Access and automatic layers creation 210
Table of Contents
[ vii ]
Base and projection views 211
The VIEWBASE command 211
The VIEWPROJ command 214
The VIEWEDIT command 215
The VIEWSTD command 216
The VIEWUPDATE command 217
Section and detail views 217
The VIEWSECTION command 217
The VIEWSECTIONSTYLE command 219
The VIEWCOMPONENT command 220
The VIEWDETAIL command 221
The VIEWDETAILSTYLE command 222
Other commands 223
Exercise 9.4 223
Summary 226
Chapter 10: Rendering and Illumination 227
Rendering concepts and commands 227
General concepts 227
Access to commands 229
Rendering commands 229
The RENDER command 229
The RENDERWIN command 231
The RENDERCROP command 232
The SAVEIMG command 232
The RPREF command 233
The RENDERPRESETS command 236
Exercise 10.1 236
Scene illumination 238
Default lighting 238
Generic and photometric lighting 238
Sun light and sky light 239
The SUNPROPERTIES command 239
The GEOGRAPHICLOCATION command 241
Exercise 10.2 243
Point lights 245
The POINTLIGHT command 245
The TARGETPOINT command 246
Spot lights 246
The SPOTLIGHT command 247
The FREESPOT command 248
Other lights 248
The DISTANTLIGHT command 249
The WEBLIGHT command 249
The FREEWEB command 250
Table of Contents
[ viii ]
Other lighting commands 250
The LIGHTLIST command 250
The RENDEREXPOSURE command 251
The CONVERTOLDLIGHTS command 253
Exercise 10.3 253
Summary 255
Chapter 11: Materials and Effects 257
Introduction to materials, textures, and effects 257
Materials and textures 258
Autodesk Material Library 258
Managing materials and libraries 260
The MATBROWSEROPEN command 260
Assigning materials 263
The MATERIALATTACH command 264
The MATERIALASSIGN command 264
Exercise 11.1 264
Creating and editing materials 265
The MATEDITOROPEN command 265
Images and other textures/maps 272
Exercise 11.2 280
Mapping coordinates 284
The MATERIALMAP command 284
Exercise 11.3 285
Effects 287
Backgrounds 287
The BACKGROUND command 288
Fog and depth cue 289
The RENDERENVIRONMENT command 290
Summary 291
Chapter 12: Meshes and Surfaces 293
Procedural surfaces 294
Access to commands 294
Creating surfaces from linear objects and by conversion 295
The SURFNETWORK command 297
Creating surfaces from other surfaces 297
Continuity and bulge 297
The SURFBLEND command 298
The SURFPATCH command 299
The SURFEXTEND command 300
The SURFOFFSET command 301
The SURFFILLET command 302
Editing surfaces 303
The SURFTRIM command 303
The SURFUNTRIM command 304
Table of Contents
[ ix ]
Exercise 12.1 305
Creating solids from surfaces 306
The SURFSCULPT command 306
Exercise 12.2 307
NURBS surfaces 308
Creating NURBS surfaces 308
The SURFACEMODELINGMODE variable 308
The CONVTONURBS command 309
Editing NURBS surfaces 309
The 3DEDITBAR command 309
The CVSHOW command 310
The CVHIDE command 310
The CVADD command 311
The CVREMOVE command 311
The CVREBUILD command 312
Exercise 12.3 313
Meshes 314
Access to commands 314
Creating primitive meshes 315
The MESH command 315
The MESHPRIMITIVEOPTIONS command 316
Creating meshes from linear objects 317
The RULESURF command 317
The TABSURF command 318
The REVSURF command 318
The EDGESURF command 320
Creating meshes by converting objects 320
The MESHSMOOTH and CONVTOMESH commands 320
The MESHOPTIONS command 321
Editing meshes 322
The MESHEXTRUDE command 322
The MESHSCAP command 324
The MESHSMOOTHMORE command 324
The MESHSMOOTHLESS command 325
The MESHCREASE command 325
The MESHUNCREASE command 326
The MESHREFINE command 326
The MESHMERGE command 327
The MESHCOLLAPSE command 327
The MESHSPLIT command 327
The MESHSPIN command 328
Polyface meshes 328
Creating polyface meshes 328
The 3DFACE command 329
The 3DMESH command 330
The PFACE command 330
The 3D command 331
Table of Contents
[ x ]
Editing polyface meshes 331
Surface analysis 331
Types of analysis and commands 332
The ANALYSISZEBRA command 332
The ANALYSISCURVATURE command 332
The ANALYSISDRAFT command 332
The ANALYSISOPTIONS command 333
Summary 334
Appendix: Final Considerations 337
Advanced concepts and clues for development 337
Animation 337
The ANIPATH command 337
Connecting to other programs 339
Typical 3D import and export formats 339
Exporting to 3ds Max 340
Exporting to Revit 341
Clues for development 341
Index 343
