Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing / Основы переработки природного газа
Год издания: 2006
Автор: Kidnay A.J., Parrish W.R. / Кидни А. Дж., Парриш У. Р.
Жанр или тематика: Технология переработки углеводородных газов
Издательство: CRC Press
ISBN: 978-0-8493-3406-1
Серия: Mechanical engineering
Язык: Английский
Формат: PDF
Качество: Распознанный текст без ошибок (OCR)
Интерактивное оглавление: Да
Количество страниц: 429
Описание: Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing explores the natural gas industry from the wellhead to the marketplace. It compiles information from the open literature, meeting proceedings, and experts to accurately depict the state of gas processing technology today and highlight technologies that could become important in the future.
This book covers advantages, limitations, and ranges of applicability of major gas plant processes to provide a sound understanding from system fundamentals to selection, operation, and integration into the overall gas plant. It also describes the major operations involved in bringing the gas to the plant, information not usually discussed in most gas processing books. Comprehensive chapters cover field operations, inlet receiving, compression, dehydration, hydrocarbon recovery, nitrogen rejection, liquids processing, sulfur recovery, and the increasingly popular liquefied natural gas industry, focusing on liquefaction, storage, and transportation. The book also discusses plant economics, offering ways to make initial cost estimates of selected processes and determine capital costs of gas processing facilities.
Представлены базовые процессы первичной переработки природного газа: подготовка к переработке, процессы разделения, стабилизации, а также основные нехимические технологии переработки газа на ГПЗ. Выполнен анализ преимуществ, ограничений и диапазонов применения каждой технологии. Дополнительно представлены
данные о насосах, компрессорах, теплообменниках и оборудовании для разделения фаз.
Рассматриваются структура газоперерабатывающих заводов и перспективы их
развития; обсуждаются проблемы транспортировки газа и капитальные затраты
на установки его переработки. Материал по технологиям СПГ (LNG) изложен с учетом последних достижений и будущих тенденций в этой области.
Примеры расчетов, контрольные вопросы и задачи позволяют использовать книгу для подготовки студентов старших курсов и аспирантов химико-технологических
вузов.
Книга предназначена инженерно-техническим специалистам ГПЗ, НПЗ, газохимических предприятий и научным работникам, занятым в газоперерабатывающей
промышленности.
Оглавление
Overview of Natural Gas Industry
Introduction
The World Picture for Natural Gas
Natural Gas in United States
Nonconventional Gas Reserves in United States
Sources of Natural Gas
Natural Gas Compositions
Traditional Natural Gas
Important Impurities
Coal Bed Methane
Subquality Gas
Classification
Liquids Content
Sulfur Content
Processing and Principal Products
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Ethane–Propane Mix
Isobutane
n-Butane
Natural Gas Liquids
Natural Gasoline
Sulfur
Product Specifications
Natural Gas
Liquid Products
Combustion Characteristics
Heating Value
Wobbe Number
References
Overview of Gas Plant Processing
Roles of Gas Plants
Plant Processes
Field Operations and Inlet Receiving
Inlet Compression
Gas Treating
Dehydration
Hydrocarbon Recovery
Nitrogen Rejection
Helium Recovery
Outlet Compression
Liquids Processing
Sulfur Recovery
Storage and Transportation
Liquefaction
Important Support Components
Utilities
Process Control
Safety Systems
Contractual Agreements and Economics
Fee-Based Contracts
Percentage of Proceeds Contracts
Wellhead Purchase Contracts
Fixed Efficiency Contracts
Keep Whole Contracts
References
Field Operations and Inlet Receiving
Introduction
Field Operations
Wellhead Operations
Piping
Compression Stations
Pigging
Gas Hydrates
Properties
Hydrate Formation Prediction
Hydrate Inhibition
Inlet Receiving
Separator Principles
Slug Catcher Configurations
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Compression
Introduction
Fundamentals
Thermodynamics of Compression
Multistaging
Compressor Efficiencies
Compressor Types
Positive Displacement Compressors
Dynamic Compressors
Capacity and Power Calculations
Capacity
Power Requirements
Comparison of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Gas Treating
Introduction
The Problem
Acid Gas Concentrations in Natural Gas
Purification Levels
Acid Gas Disposal
Purification Processes
Solvent Absorption Processes
Amines
Alkali Salts
Physical Absorption
Solvent Properties
Representative Process Conditions
Hybrid Processes
Adsorption
Cryogenic Fractionation
Membranes
Membrane Fundamentals
Carbon Dioxide Removal from Natural Gas
Operating Considerations
Advantages and Disadvantages of Membrane Systems
Nonregenerable Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers
Biological Processes
Safety and Environmental Considerations
Amines
Physical Absorption
Adsorption
Membranes
References
Gas Dehydration
Introduction
Water Content of Hydrocarbons
Gas Dehydration Processes
Absorption Processes
Adsorption Processes
Desiccant Processes
Membrane Processes
Other Processes
Comparison of Dehydration Processes
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Hydrocarbon Recovery
Introduction
Retrograde Condensation
Process Components
External Refrigeration
Turboexpansion
Heat Exchange
Fractionation
Recovery Processes
Dew Point Control and Fuel Conditioning
Lower Ethane Recovery
High Ethane Recovery
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Nitrogen Rejection
Introduction
Nitrogen Rejection for Gas Upgrading
Cryogenic Distillation
Pressure Swing Adsorption
Membranes
Nitrogen Rejection for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Trace-Component Recovery or Removal
Introduction
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Radon (NORM)
Arsenic
Helium
Introduction
Recovery Methods
Mercury
Environmental Considerations
Amalgam Formation
Removal Processes
(BTEX) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
References
Liquids Processing
Introduction
Condensate Processing
Sweetening
Dehydration
NGL Processing
Sweetening
Dehydration
Fractionation
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Sulfur Recovery
Introduction
Properties of Sulfur
Sulfur Recovery Processes
Claus Process
Claus Tail Gas Cleanup
Sulfur Storage
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Transportation and Storage
Introduction
Gas
Transportation
Market Centers
Storage
Liquids
Transportation
Storage
References
Liquefied Natural Gas
Introduction
Peak Shaving Plants and Satellite Facilities
Baseload Plants and Stranded Reserves
Gas Treating before Liquefaction
Liquefaction Cycles
Joule-Thomson Cycles
Expander Cycles
Cascade Cycles
Storage of LNG
Cryogenic Aboveground Storage
Cryogenic In Ground Storage
Rollover
Transportation
Truck Transport
Pipelines
Marine Transport
Regasification and Cold Utilization of LNG
Regasification
Cold Utilization
Economics
Liquefaction Costs
Shipping Costs
Regasification Terminal Costs
Plant Efficiency
Safety and Environmental Considerations
References
Capital Costs of Gas Processing Facilities
Introduction
Basic Premises for Cost Data
Amine Treating
Glycol Dehydration
NGL Recovery with Straight Refrigeration (Low Ethane Recovery)
NGL Recovery with Cryogenic Processing (High Ethane Recovery)
Sulfur Recovery and Tail Gas Cleanup
High Sulfur Recovery Rates
Low Sulfur Recovery Rates
NGL Extraction Plant Costs for Larger Facilities
Corrections to Cost Data
References
Natural Gas Processing Plants
Introduction
Plant with Sweet Gas Feed and % Ethane Recovery
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
Compression
Heat Exchange
Dehydration
Propane Refrigeration
Hydrocarbon Recovery
Amine Treating
Deethanizer
Residue Compression
Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL, and Sulfur Recovery
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
Inlet Receiving
Inlet Compression
Gas Treating
Sulfur Recovery
Dehydration
Hydrocarbon Recovery
Liquids Processing
Plant with Sour Gas Feed, NGL Recovery, and Nitrogen Rejection
Overview of Plant Feed and Product Slate
Inlet Receiving
Gas Treating
Sulfur Recovery
Dehydration
NRU and Cold Box
Liquids Processing
References
Notation
Appendix A Glossary of Gas Process Terminology
Appendix B Physical Constants and Physical Properties
Unit Conversion Factors
Gas Constants and Standard Gas Conditions
Thermodynamic and Physical Property Data
Hydrocarbon Compressibility Factors
References
Список книг
Kidnay A.J., Parrish W.R.-Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)-2006(429, 978-0-8493-3406-1), PDF(OCR)
