Aircraft Fuel Systems / Топливные системы летательных аппаратов
Год издания: 2009
Автор: Roy Langton and others / Рой Лэнгтон и другие
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ISBN: 978-0-470-05708-7
Серия:
Wiley Aerospace Series
Язык: Английский
Формат: PDF
Качество: Издательский макет или текст (eBook)
Количество страниц: 345
Официальная страница книги
Описание: This book co-authored by Roy Langton, Chuck Clark, Martin Hewitt and Lonnie Richards is a unique treatise on aircraft fuel systems, dealing with the design considerations for both commercial and military aircraft systems. As well as describing the system and its components in detail, Aircraft Fuel Systems also deals with the design process and examines the key systems drivers that a fuel system designer must take into account. This promises to be a standard work of reference for aircraft fuel systems designers.
This book brings together all of the issues associated with fuel systems design, development and operation from both an intersystem and intrasystem perspective covering the design, functional and environmental issues associated with the various technologies, subsystems and components. The range of aircraft applications covered herein focuses on gas turbine powered aircraft from the small business jet to the largest transport aircraft including military applications such as fighter aircraft and helicopters.
All aspects of fuel products and systems including fuel handling, quantity gauging and management functions for both commercial (civil) and military applications.
The fuel systems on board modern aircraft are multi-functional, fully integrated complex networks. They are designed to provide a proper and reliable management of fuel resources throughout all phases of operation, notwithstanding changes in altitude or speed, as well as to monitor system functionality and advise the flight crew of any operational anomalies that may develop.
- Collates together a wealth of information on fuel system design that is currently disseminated throughout the literature.
- Authored by leading industry experts from Airbus and Parker Aerospace.
- Includes chapters on basic system functions, features and functions unique to military aircraft, fuel handling, fuel quantity gauging and management, fuel systems safety and fuel systems design and development.
- Accompanied by a companion website housing a MATLAB/SIMULINK model of a modern aircraft fuel system that allows the user to set up flight conditions, investigate the effects of equipment failures and virtually fly preset missions.
Aircraft Fuel Systems provides a timely and invaluable resource for engineers, project and programme managers in the equipment supply and application communities, as well as for graduate and postgraduate students of mechanical and aerospace engineering. It constitutes an invaluable addition to the established Wiley Aerospace Series.
Оглавление
Contents
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Acronyms xv
Series Preface xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Review of Fuel Systems Issues 2
1.1.1 Basic Fuel System Characteristics and Functions 2
1.1.2 Fuel Quantity Measurement 6
1.1.3 Fuel Properties and Environmental Issues 8
1.2 The Fuel System Design and Development Process 11
1.2.1 Program Management 12
1.2.2 Design and Development Support Tools 13
1.2.3 Functional Maturity 14
1.2.4 Testing and Certification 14
1.3 Fuel System Examples and Future Technologies 15
1.4 Terminology 15
2 Fuel System Design Drivers 19
2.1 Design Drivers 21
2.1.1 Intended Aircraft Mission 21
2.1.2 Dispatch Reliability Goals 21
2.1.3 Fuel Tank Boundaries and Tank Location Issues 22
2.1.4 Measurement and Management System Functional Requirements 26
2.1.5 Electrical Power Management Architecture and Capacity 26
2.2 Identification and Mitigation of Safety Risks 27
2.2.1 Fuel System Risks 28
3 Fuel Storage 31
3.1 Tank Geometry and Location Issues for Commercial Aircraft 32
3.2 Operational Considerations 36
viii Contents
3.2.1 CG Shift due to Fuel Storage 36
3.2.2 Unusable Fuel 39
3.3 Fuel Tank Venting 41
3.3.1 Vent System Sizing 45
3.4 Military Aircraft Fuel Storage Issues 45
3.4.1 Drop Tanks and Conformal Tanks 48
3.4.2 Closed Vent Systems 48
3.5 Maintenance Considerations 49
3.5.1 Access 49
3.5.2 Contamination 50
4 Fuel System Functions of Commercial Aircraft 53
4.1 Refueling and Defueling 54
4.1.1 Pressure Refueling 54
4.1.2 Defueling 58
4.2 Engine and APU Feed 59
4.2.1 Feed Tank and Engine Location Effects 59
4.2.2 Feed Pumping Systems 60
4.2.3 Feed Tank Scavenging 65
4.2.4 Negative g Considerations 65
4.2.5 Crossfeed 66
4.2.6 Integrated Feed System Solution 67
4.2.7 Feed System Design Practices 69
4.3 Fuel Transfer 70
4.3.1 Fuel Burn Scheduling 70
4.3.2 Wing Load Alleviation 72
4.3.3 Fuel Transfer System Design Requirements 72
4.4 Fuel Jettison 73
4.4.1 Jettison System Example 74
4.5 Fuel Quantity Gauging 76
4.5.1 Architectural Considerations 78
4.5.2 Fuel Load Planning 82
4.5.3 Leak Detection 83
4.6 Fuel Management and Control 84
4.6.1 Refuel Distribution 86
4.6.2 In-flight Fuel Management 88
4.6.3 Fuel Management System Architecture Considerations 91
4.6.4 Flight Deck Displays, Warnings and Advisories 91
4.7 Ancillary Systems 93
5 Fuel System Functions of Military Aircraft and Helicopters 97
5.1 Refueling and Defueling 98
5.1.1 Pressure Refueling 98
5.1.2 Defueling 102
5.2 Engine and APU Feed 103
5.3 Fuel Transfer 104
Contents ix
5.4 Aerial Refueling 106
5.4.1 Design and Operational Issues Associated with Aerial Refueling 108
5.4.2 Flying Boom System 109
5.4.3 Probe and Drogue Systems 111
5.5 Fuel Measurement and Management Systems in Military Applications 112
5.5.1 KC-135 Aerial Refueling Tanker Fuel Measurement and Management
System 112
5.6 Helicopter Fuel Systems 116
6 Fluid Mechanical Equipment 119
6.1 Ground Refueling and Defueling Equipment 120
6.1.1 Refueling and Defueling Adaptors 120
6.1.2 Refuel Shut-off Valves 121
6.1.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 131
6.2 Fuel Tank Venting and Pressurization Equipment 133
6.3 Aerial Refueling Equipment 137
6.3.1 The Flying Boom System Equipment 137
6.3.2 The Probe and Drogue System Equipment 139
6.4 Equipment Sizing 142
6.4.1 Valve Configuration and Pressure Drop Estimation 142
6.5 Fuel Pumps 143
6.5.1 Ejector Pumps 143
6.5.2 Motor-driven pumps 145
7 Fuel Measurement and Management Equipment 157
7.1 Fuel Gauging Sensor Technology 158
7.1.1 Capacitance Gauging 158
7.1.2 Ultrasonic Gauging 177
7.1.3 Density Sensor Technology 186
7.1.4 Level Sensing 191
7.1.5 Secondary Gauging 193
7.2 Harnesses 195
7.2.1 In-Tank Harnesses 195
7.2.2 Out-Tank Harnesses 197
7.3 Avionics Equipment 197
7.3.1 Requirements 197
7.3.2 Data Concentration 198
7.3.3 Avionics Integration 198
7.3.4 Integration of Fuel Management 199
7.3.5 Fuel Quantity Display 200
8 Fuel Properties 203
8.1 The Refinement Process 203
8.2 Fuel Specification Properties of Interest 205
8.2.1 Distillation Process Limits 205
8.2.2 Flashpoint 205
x Contents
8.2.3 Vapor Pressure 206
8.2.4 Viscosity 207
8.2.5 Freeze Point 208
8.2.6 Density 208
8.2.7 Thermal Stability 209
8.3 Operational Considerations 209
8.3.1 Fuel Temperature Considerations – Feed and Transfer 209
8.3.2 Fuel Property Issues Associated with Quantity Gauging 210
9 Intrinsic Safety, Electro Magnetics and Electrostatics 215
9.1 Intrinsic Safety 216
9.1.1 Threats from Energy Storage within the Signal
Conditioning Avionics 217
9.2 Lightning 217
9.2.1 Threats from Induced Transients in Electronic Equipment 218
9.2.2 Protecting the Signal Conditioning Avionics from Lightning 221
9.3 EMI/HIRF 221
9.3.1 Threats from HIRF Energy Transfer 221
9.3.2 Protecting the Signal Conditioning Avionics from HIRF 222
9.3.3 Electrostatics 222
10 Fuel Tank Inerting 225
10.1 Early Military Inerting Systems 225
10.2 Current Technology Inerting Systems 229
10.2.1 Military Aircraft Inerting Systems 229
10.2.2 Commercial Aircraft Inerting Systems 231
10.3 Design Considerations for Open Vent Systems 235
10.4 Operational Issues with Permeable Membrane Inerting Systems 236
10.4.1 Fiber In-service Performance 236
10.4.2 Separator Performance Measurement 237
10.4.3 NEA Distribution 237
11 Design Development and Certification 239
11.1 Evolution of the Design and Development Process 239
11.2 System Design and Development – a Disciplined Methodology 243
11.2.1 The ‘V’ Diagram 245
11.2.2 Software Development 246
11.3 Program Management 248
11.3.1 Supplier Team Organization 249
11.3.2 Risk Management 250
11.3.3 Management Activities 252
11.4 Maturity Management 254
11.5 Installation Considerations 256
11.6 Modeling and Simulation 259
11.7 Certification 263
11.7.1 Certification of Commercial Aircraft Fuel Systems 263
11.7.2 Flight Test Considerations 264
11.7.3 Certification of Military Aircraft Fuel Systems 266
Contents xi
11.8 Fuel System Icing Tests 268
11.8.1 Icing Test Rigs 269
11.8.2 Fuel Conditioning 269
12 Fuel System Design Examples 271
12.1 The Bombardier Global Express™ 272
12.1.1 Fuel Storage 273
12.1.2 Fluid Mechanical System Design 275
12.1.3 Fuel Measurement and Management 277
12.1.4 Flight Deck Equipment 278
12.1.5 Operational Considerations 278
12.2 Embraer 170/190 Regional Jet 280
12.2.1 Fuel Storage and Venting 280
12.2.2 The Refuel and Defuel System 282
12.2.3 In-flight Operation 283
12.2.4 System Architecture 284
12.2.5 Fuel Quantity Gauging 286
12.2.6 In-service Maturity 287
12.3 The Boeing 777 Wide-Bodied Airliner 288
12.3.1 Fuel Storage 289
12.3.2 Fluid-Mechanical System 292
12.3.3 Fuel Measurement and Management 296
12.4 The Airbus A380 Wide-Bodied Airliner 301
12.4.1 Fuel Storage 302
12.4.2 Fluid-Mechanical System 303
12.4.3 Fuel Measurement and Management System (FMMS) 309
12.5 The Anglo-French Concorde 315
12.5.1 Fuel System Operational and Thermal Design Issues 316
12.5.2 Refuel System 317
12.5.3 Fuel Transfer and Jettison 317
12.5.4 Fuel Feed 321
12.5.5 Vent System 324
13 New and Future Technologies 327
13.1 Fuel Measurement and Management 327
13.1.1 Fuel Measurement 327
13.1.2 Fuel Management 329
13.2 Fluid Mechanical Equipment Technology 331
13.2.1 Fuel Valve Technology 331
13.2.2 Revolutionary Fuel Pump and Valve Technology 333
13.3 Aerial Refueling Operations 338
References 339
Index 341
Aerospace Series List of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Описание на русском
Эта книга, написанная в соавторстве с Роем Лэнгтоном, Чаком Кларком, Мартином Хьюиттом и Лонни Ричардсом, представляет собой уникальный трактат по топливным системам самолетов, посвященный конструкторским соображениям как коммерческих, так и военных авиационных систем. Наряду с подробным описанием системы и ее компонентов, Авиационные топливные системы также имеют дело с процессом проектирования и изучают ключевые системные факторы, которые разработчик топливной системы должен учитывать. Это обещает стать стандартной справочной работой для конструкторов авиационных топливных систем.
Эта книга объединяет все вопросы, связанные с проектированием, разработкой и эксплуатацией топливных систем как с межсистемной, так и с внутрисистемной точки зрения, охватывая конструктивные, функциональные и экологические проблемы, связанные с различными технологиями, подсистемами и компонентами. Диапазон применения самолетов, охватываемых здесь, сосредоточен на газотурбинных самолетах от малого бизнес-джета до крупнейших транспортных самолетов, включая военные применения, такие как истребители и вертолеты.
